edgecasestdio

This wouldn't just be the US. In Spanish-speaking countries (though technically America as in North/Central/South America), "profesor" can refer to either a high school educator or a university professor: https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/profesor

However, there are nuances. The term "catedrático" is used for senior profesors/profesores at a university: https://spanish.stackexchange.com/questions/21816/what-is-th...

I would be glad to hear more from native Spanish speakers or other foreign language speakers who use similar terms (e.g. French speakers, who also use the word "professeur" with a similar usage).

Perhaps the idea of the submitted article can be amended to account for your experience.

If a person has a friend that is into coffee, that's great news because you know your friend has a clear interest, but additional research is needed to make sure the gift is high-quality and redundant. Maybe 15-20 minutes of research on a specialty forum like r/coffee (at least the wiki) or a reputable YouTube channel (like James Hoffmann's) can help the gift-giver understand how to find quality beans (often light-to-medium from a smaller reputable roaster). If there's uncertainty, one can either directly ask the friend or make observations.

In the end, perhaps the best gift isn't so much the coffee beans per se, but the thoughtfulness you take in the person's hobby as you can then develop a shared interest.

I'm also wary to use programming languages as a metaphor to advance a view about writing constitutions.

I can agree with the broad point that inertia is a major cause for constitutions to stay the same over time. But I disagree with the original commenter's implication that more recently-written constitutions tend to be better than older ones due to lessons from the past, because of the idea (perhaps relating to yours) that contemporary political and ideological considerations can introduce weaknesses into more recently-written constitutions, which overlook potential lessons from the past.

This is a good question that motivated a feature-length article published in The Economist this summer (which I've also referenced elsewhere in this comment section) [1].

The article argues that newer versions of constitutions are often overly lengthy due to attempting to include too many laws within the constitution, which can cause problems. The article argues: "Overly long constitutions often create conflicts between articles that can only be resolved with further tampering. And “if everything is highest law, then nothing is highest law anymore,” points out Dr Versteeg. Omnibus amendments require voters to balance the merits and drawbacks of many changes at once, making it harder to generate consensus."

In brief, the article's view is that the inclusion of too many laws in more recently-written constitutions leads to greater incentives for constitutional rewrites as times and political views change, which is why the article favours shorter constitutions that guarantee fundamental rights, and are thus difficult to rewrite.

[1] (Paywalled, though I've included a summary above): https://www.economist.com/international/2022/08/25/dictators...

For a text, The Economist published a great introductory article (though paywalled) into modern approaches to national constitutions [1] this August, shortly before a failed referendum in Chile to change the country's constitution. An excerpt from the article notes that there is no "template for how to write the ideal constitution," with different approaches having reasonably good results (e.g. the UK's uncodified constitution versus the US's written constitution).

From The Economist's article: "[...] But academics have noticed patterns. Frequently changed constitutions are often a symptom of political corrosion, and tinkering can cause chaos in turn. Attempts to amend charters have led to violence in Burkina Faso, Burundi and Togo among others in recent years. The world’s longest charters, such as India’s and Brazil’s, are also among the most changed.

"There is a strong case for brevity, too, in which constitutions establish the ground rules of how a state functions and leave the specifics to politicians. Overly long constitutions often create conflicts between articles that can only be resolved with further tampering. And “if everything is highest law, then nothing is highest law anymore,” points out Dr Versteeg. Omnibus amendments require voters to balance the merits and drawbacks of many changes at once, making it harder to generate consensus."

The viewpoint by the writer of The Economist's article would actually conflict with the view held by the original commenter, as it notes that many more recently-written constitutions that have taken different approaches from older constitutions have contributed to political instability (though the writer also acknowledges that other factors have also been at play behind instability).

[1] https://www.economist.com/international/2022/08/25/dictators...

Thanks for the tip, though this just works for a paid Google Workspace email plan (or a free Google Workspace for Nonprofits plan) [1]. We couldn't do this because we were using free personal Gmail accounts at the time (by transferring the credentials from retired executives to new executives) as we lacked budget and formal non-profit registration (to be eligible for the Nonprofits plan) since the group was fairly small and undergraduate student-run.

The difficulties were to be expected as personal Gmails weren't meant to be used like this (the goal was just to share an anecdote about the difficulties of phone numbers used for two-factor authentication with the free service even once a year). The long-term solution we used was to pay for a reliable but low-cost (in comparison to Outlook and Google) email host initially recommended on HN and a few sysadmin forums, to gain access to organization-wide admin features.

[1] https://support.google.com/a/answer/2537800?hl=en#zippy=%2Cc...

I verify that this is true at the time of posting. In previous volunteer work at a non-profit run by university students, the organization assigned a free Gmail account to each executive. Each year, we ran into a problem where the executives would change, and we needed to transfer the Gmail account to the new person.

Problems would happen when the new person tried to log in to the account. Since the login was from an unrecognized device and an unrecognized IP address, security was tightened. Even after inputting the correct password and entering the right backup email, it was mandatory to enter an SMS message from the phone number tied to the account, even after various troubleshooting and attempted workarounds. That meant getting ahold of the previous executive, who may be busy or changed their number.

You could argue that Gmails weren't meant to be used this way, which is fair; the goal of this comment is just to provide additional evidence that the description provided by the parent comment is true. (In the end, we went for a low-cost, reliable email service to fix the issue in the long-term. We also found that registered non-profits are eligible for free Google Workspace or Microsoft Outlook email plans subject to certain eligibility conditions, though we did not have a need of becoming an officially registered non-profit at the time.)

It looks like a reference to the episode “NM Special Report: Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) & Ukraine w/ @pdthorn,” published in February 2022: https://www.patreon.com/posts/nm-special-open-63189724 (mirror: https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/new-models-public/nm-sp... )

Here are a few additional written articles on what a Y-combinator is.

-Stack Overflow, "What is a Y-combinator?": https://stackoverflow.com/questions/93526/what-is-a-y-combin...

-Wikipedia, "Fixed-point combinator," at the Y combinator sub-section: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_combinator#Y_combi...

-For a more academic source, an article from a Johns Hopkins computer science professor is at: https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~jason/465/readings/lambdacalc.html