errr, no? when you work here for long enough you accrue pension benefits which are paid out wherever you live.
if you retire abroad you spend the pension abroad. that's a net loss for the nation.
if you retire abroad you spend the pension abroad. that's a net loss for the nation.
I wonder how many move back to Germany when fragile though. requires citizenship though? unless your permanent residency stays valid when you move abroad.
what would I have to use as search terms on Google scholar to find the many studies?