When you register your car, you have to say how many miles you drove, and it gets verified every few years with smog checks.
Why not just charge a per mile-ton fee? Maybe give freight trucks a break so we don't kill shipping, or only charge them for their empty weight? Have some of the fee go to the state and some go federally for redistribution (like gas taxes work now).
Then eliminate the gas tax as a source of funding for road maintenance and shift it to a carbon tax? And make EVs come in for a "milage check" since they won't have smog checks.
Then everyone pays fairly for road maintenance based on how much they use the roads, and people driving ICE vehicles will pay for the externality of their pollution through their gas consumption.