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Meh, they probably just used lipofectamine (which has been around since the 90s) or something very similar.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipofectamine

https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/brands/product-brand...

lipofectamine is used for in vitro transfection, not in vivo gene delivery. The vaccines use lipid nanoparticles rather than liposomes

I absolutely do not have a link, but I remember reading that the lipid nanoparticles are actually created by mechanical action (possibly fluid dynamics/turbulence). I thought that was pretty neat.

If they didn't use lipofectamine, what did they most likely use?

Derek Lowe discussed it a few months ago:

https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2021/01/11/rn...

https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2021/02/22/mo...

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