Background: I (probably like many here) excelled at high school and undergraduate mathematics. I have a graduate degree in a heavily mathematics-focused branch of engineering (digital signal processing) and much of my work involves applying that math at a conceptual level.
I'm currently tutoring an adult I'm close to who is approximately at GP's starting level and has a strong anxiety reaction to math. I'm finding that the repetitive calculation aspect is important to being able to developing an intuition for the concepts.
The process that's working well for us so far involves alternating between practical word problems (to establish a motivation for learning the material), theoretical/background explanations (to hit the understanding at a high level) and repeated simple problems (to practice the mechanics).
I'm finding that, in terms of process, the repeated problem-solving is critical for two reasons. 1) It helps to build a sort of mental "muscle memory", and 2) it helps with developing intuition, since your mind eventually gets bored with the mechanics and starts to notice patterns.
Remember that mathematics at that level is all about building blocks. Every concept/problem-solving practice you learn is part of a tower of strategies; if earlier mechanisms aren't almost mindless, it's MUCH harder to build on top of that knowledge.