fredoralive

“Forever” stamps in US terms are what 1st class / 2nd class stamps have always been in the UK since they appeared in the ‘80s, where they remain valid for a level of service forever. The US went through a weird phase where they had 1st class stamps, but they would only actually be for the monetary value of whatever the 1st class rate was when issued, so if the rate went up you’d have to add extra postage.

The basic split between what has barcodes and what doesn’t it that the everyday “definitive” stamps (both 1st/2nd etc. and those with a direct monetary value) were withdrawn and reissued with barcodes, but commemorative and special stamps weren’t. Basically, stuff sold to stamp collectors to be put in a box and never used on postage doesn’t have them.

It’s basically just an SD TV signal, the vertical height in lines doesn’t change, it largely just swaps if each line outputs 320 or 640 pixels during its assigned time period.

Having interlaced and non interlaced modes at once seems a bit funky though, but I assume it just forces everything into interlaced with the non interlaced mode sections having the same line sent on both fields?

If you squint a bit (well, a lot really), Win32S on 3.1 and Windows 95’s Win32 implementation are Windows NT emulators running on top of 16 bit Windows.

The bit about how the AMD Athlon (K7) uses the same bus, and how they planned to make Slot A Alphas where the only adjustment an Althon motherboard would need is a different BIOS. Imagine what might have been, especially as Alpha Windows 2000 had a built in FX!32. Cheap Alpha systems with a good x86 compatibility story, it could've been a contender.

(Yeah, I know, several stars would've had to align for it to actually work).

I'm pretty sure it was an opt-in thing for individual programs, if an app didn't intentionally use it they kept the old look.

I've always thought that it's a bit of an undocumented and slightly forgotten bit of Windows 3.1, most things on the internet only show the flat style. I guess people doing retro things often only mess around a bit with the base OS, and don't really install things like Office 4.x on top of it.

I think it's just that 16x16 icons didn't become a thing in Windows until Windows 95, and so older apps don't supply one. Windows will then scale down the 32x32 icon instead, and it's never really done it that attractively, and I suspect the black and white nature of this icon really suffers.

1 gallon is 0.832674 gallons. Or 1 gallon is 1.20095 gallons.

There are some per-model stats from Germany issued at the end of 1993 (so a few months before Commodore went tits up)[1], and they have ~1 million A500s, and ~100 thousand A1200s (plus circa 10k A4000s). So there's a fair few out there, but in the greater scheme of things, they're massively outnumbered by the original models (and, seemingly even the A600 outsold the A1200, at least at that point).

The A1200 was only released about a year and a half before the end of Commodore, and I doubt that there was a massive sales boost in the last few months, or the Escom phase of zombie-Amiga, so AGA is a smallish minority of Amiga in general.

[1] http://www.bambi-amiga.co.uk/amigahistory/sales.html

That’s because with most modern MacBook touchpads (bar the Neo) the touchpad never really moves much. It’s all force detection and a haptic feedback thingy. If the system crashes, it stops triggering the feedback.

Implementing mouse cursors as a hardware sprite isn’t that uncommon for 2D accelerated graphics, albeit later than on the Amiga. Something like an ATI Mach32 has one for example. About 15 years ago I had a crappy Dell whose Radeon card would randomly glitch the cursor, so it survived at least until then in newer systems. The extra responsiveness is more of an Amiga thing though.

I think the article is sorta wrong about the sound setup, the Mega Drive I does have a sound input on the expansion port, and mixes it into its sound output. Otherwise stuff like RF cables wouldn't get Mega CD based audio (and you can do silly stuff like a Mega Drive II, which doesn't have a headphone port, with a Mega CD I).

I was going to say the patch cable setup was just a passive aid to take the Mega Drive I's minijack stereo output (the big DIN AV connector on the rear only does mono) to a more serious two RCA jack setup. But looking at a schematic to check, it does do more stuff, and apparently connecting the patch cable will reroute stuff so the sound mixing is done on the Mega CD side, not the Mega Drive side (early Mega Drive revisions are somewhat infamous for showing that Sega hadn’t quite mastered the dark arts of analogue sound circuitry).

(I would double check some of this, but my Mega Drive / Mega CD setup isn't to hand, and the CD drive is broken anyway, although I understand the JP/PAL piano tune on the logo screen is all from the Mega CD side?).

Looking at pictures, it appears cameraless iPhones tend to have backs without camera holes / lumps, so some custom work is involved beyond just removing the module. Though there’s going to be a degree of “the government can afford it” in the pricing.

Drilling has some obvious issues, most notable if you go too deep you’re going to hit the screen.

I’m not sure if Sony has been pushing their video disc formats with PlayStations for a while. PS4 Pro was the “4K” upgrade over PS4, but didn’t support UHD Blu-Ray. And there’s been a disc drive-less PS5 since launch.

Stuff like Blu-Ray seems to be becoming a Laserdisc like enthusiasts niche system, I don’t think it’s been a big thing for Sony for a while.

Closing the online store for older systems simultaneously with announcing the dropping of physical media leaves an interesting question for the future. Even if you’ve never bought an online PS3 or Vita game, you’ll still be able to use the systems for physical games. Presumably once the PS6 store is gone, any console is just an ornament if you don’t have access to an account with games already purchased (and how long will the download servers stay up anyway? What is the foreseeable future?).

Well, I guess that answers the question of whether the PS6 will have an awkward snap on disc drive.

Seiko can cover a fairly large group of companies, Seiko Epson is a particular subgroup of it (now somewhat detached from the main group).

Bit of hindsight bias there, DAB was first developed in the mid 1990s, ubiquitous fast wireless IP in everyone’s pockets is at least a decade, perhaps nearer to 20 years in the future. There are quite a few transitionary technologies that we needn’t have developed had we just waited for something better to come along (but without the R&D into some of them…).

(Also doesn’t analogue FM also kinda cut off fairly abruptly?)

Doesn’t RDS mostly solve that for the most common case where frequency changes becomes an issue (car radios).

As far as I know the medium wave services aren’t transmitted from the same antenna as Radio 4 LW, they have separate antenna, albeit with one of them (5 Live) doubling up as one of the support towers for the large long wave T antenna slung between the two large towers on site. Although I suspect the plan would be to move 5 Live to the currently unused Absolute / Virgin antenna eventually so they can demolish the long wave setup.

It’s interesting that the gate arrays are supplied by Seiko, and the only known MCGA systems apart from IBM are from Epson. The bit of Seiko that made the gate arrays appears to be… Seiko Epson. So is it a coincidence? Sub-licensing? Skullduggery?

The article mentions that it is brought out to the connector, multiplexed with the monitor ID pins.

The Disk System RAM Adapter plugged into the cartridge port on a Famicom. The Famicom 15 pin expansion port is just a fancy joystick port (the console is otherwise limited to a pair of hardwired joypads).

The NES expansion port on its own doesn’t seem to have enough lines to support the disk drive, notably it doesn’t have any address lines (CPU or PPU) at all, or the PPU data bus. It seems a bit weird frankly with the choices they made, I’m not sure what it’s actually for, apart from breaking the idea of extra sound chips in cartridges.

It's basically a case of hardware acceleration. Most games consoles and fancier micros have some of dedicated graphics chip that handles the heavy lifting of generating graphics. So for basic game graphics the CPU largely acts as a manager adjusting things like tilemaps and their viewport offsets, and sprite locations (possibly updating things several times mid frame, for fancier effects). The exact setup differs between systems, tilemaps and spites like the SNES is common, though you also have setups with some sort of framebuffer and a Blitter to speed up drawing to it instead.

A traditional IBM PC has a "dumb" framebuffer, where everything is done by the PC. Simply scrolling the background by 1 pixel basically means redrawing a lot of the screen, and you have to keep track of what graphics behind sprite would need to be redrawn after they move etc. As a bonus, on early consumer level 386 and 486 machines you have a mighty processor, but the graphics card is often still on a 16 bit 8MHz(ish) ISA bus. The PC does have an advantage that it's more flexible, so stuff like 3D was easier to do than on a tile-and-sprite setup (especially once we had stuff like VESA and PCI).

Roughly how many varieties of module were used for a full 604 system?

I suspect quite a few as other "modular" systems in the transistor era like the later IBM Standard Modular System and DEC Flip-Chips ended up with plethora of specialised modules, but I'd be interested if that growth had already begun in the tube era.

DOS barely has any concept of processes, let alone threads.

So it’ll all be very do it yourself. Of course with everything running in ring 0, there’s not much that’s going to get in the way of you.

From somewhere in the middle of Nvidia’s endless press waffle:

“The RTX Spark superchip features an NVIDIA Blackwell RTX GPU with 6,144 CUDA cores and fifth-generation Tensor Cores with FP4 precision, connected via the NVIDIA NVLink®-C2C chip-to-chip interconnect to a high-performance, 20-core NVIDIA Grace™ CPU.

MediaTek, a market leader in Arm-based system-on-a-chip designs, collaborated with NVIDIA on the custom CPU design, contributing to its best-in-class power efficiency, performance and connectivity.“

https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-microsoft-windows-...

Nvidia Grace is an ARM core.

I suspect Windows 2000 (and NT based stuff in general) is too near to modern Windows to be (officially) released. DOS is long dead, but modern Windows still uses the NT kernel and Win32 and so on, and they probably don't want to give an official peek behind the curtain, even if it's an over a quarter century old version.

Yes, Microsoft had established themselves as supplier of BASIC interpreters to most of the US microcomputer manufacturers. There initial contact with IBM was to provide a version of Microsoft BASIC for the new computer.

You wouldn’t be getting a protection fault when protection isn’t enabled.

I should also note this error is the return code for MS-DOS’s memory management functions (such as int 21h ax 48h / 49h), vaguely similar to malloc() returning NULL. It’s not a fatal error, so how it’s handled depends on the programme. It could bail out, perhaps with a more general “out of memory” error, or try and carry on, or perhaps just start overwriting parts of the interrupt vector table as that’s where segment 0007h would start at…

(Though in the latter case on DOS just blindly assuming a memory allocation worked would be rather unwise so you’d hope just about everything checks the carry flag first).

MS-DOS doesn’t have memory protection, so another option is that the running program[1] or something like a TSR or driver could have corrupted the headers.

[1] I guess in a modern system a process can still trash its own malloc, but not the kernel’s page allocation data.