Codd was pretty adamant in his original papers that keys should be made up from data rather than a unique integer, and his example of converting from a hierarchical database schemas to a relational database schema shows how compound, natural keys are important to represent relationships. But we don’t usually do it that way today, partly because it isn’t that practical with our current databases and ORMs. It has some theoretical advantages and disadvantages, but using IDs seems to work well enough that we’re not investing in a new paradigm.