961 karma · joined March 8, 2016
Which would be great if you had any evidence that BMI is largely influenced by such antagonistic pleiotropy. But since BMI is not a disease like Alzheimer's, it doesn't even have prima facie plausibility. This shouldn't be hard: does low BMI in youth predict high BMI at middle or old age? I've never seen any result ever hinting at this, and no one believes that.
> I have concerns about the validity exactly because of the expected tiny effects.
Yes, it does make it harder, but fortunately, that's what we have polygenic scores for. Do you have any power analysis suggesting that the sample size here is inadequate?
> Polygenic traits with extremely high heritability (height being the prime example) top out at 10% of variance explained even when considering all alleles.
Totally wrong, where did you get this idea? The height polygenic score is at >>10% of variance (see Wood or http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/2/417.full ) and BMI polygenic scores are already at 10% and will go up since all the twin and GCTA estimates indicate larger heritability than that.
Again, why? Is there any reason to think that late life BMI will inversely correlate with BMI such that the old fat people were actually the skinny young people? If it's just measurement error, then it's no worse than most variables which get used in health or sociology research.
> If you can't see selection at high effect alleles I'm not sure you'll be able to detect them in aggregate either, especially with very noisy phenotype data.
All of these are highly polygenic traits. A 'high effect allele' means explaining 1% or less of variance. Selection on such a trait is going to shift the frequency by a tiny amount. Grossly underpowered individually. You have to consider them jointly. Noisy phenotype makes that more, not less, true.
Educational attainment is phenotyped much more often than is IQ, so it's both available in this dataset and available in the much larger datasets of the GWAS in question. Aside from being a phenotype of interest in its own right and a case of looking under the lamppost, EA also proxies for intelligence on both the genetic and phenotype level. (In some cohorts, like the UK Biobank, the cognitive performance test used has such low test-retest reliability that anyone who is looking for intelligence variants is going to want to use the education variable anyway!)
> Maybe I missed something, but how well does BMI measured at age 45-50 correlate with BMI at reproductive age?
I'm sure the correlation is <1. But as long as it's not an inverse correlation, it's fine. That is just measurement error which will bias down to 0 the estimate and lead to underestimate of selection.
> Wouldn't a far simpler approach be to measure allelic frequency at regions near GWAS QTLs in multiple generations?
How do you aggregate those QTLs? You can't examine them individually, that would be horrifically underpowered. If you wind up summing them, don't you get a polygenic score back and do what OP did?
I'm glad we have a "former technology reporter" to tell us this.
As for how education can be genetically mediated, there's many ways. Through intelligence (high genetic correlation/overlap), but also through personality traits, ADHD-proneness, and other mental and physical characteristics which are undoubtedly under genetic control.
> In the ensuing outrage, a PowerPoint presentation written by St. John surfaced which included a slide in which he referred to engineers with Asperger syndrome as being "the holy grail" of hires. "They work like machines," he wrote, "don’t engage in politics, don’t develop attitudes and never change jobs."
Someone needs to send all these people patio11's guides to salary negotiation, and maybe some drug to make them more aggressive and disagreeable. (Modafinil?)
You see health differences no matter who you define as 'richer' or 'poorer', throughout the general population, in ordinary people. Yes, in the normal people you pass on the street, who have no 'financial advisors' other than their uncle who has some hot stock tips (although I suppose he would count as 'inherited'), who have no 'people investing their money' unless they are unusually prudent and have some Vanguard savings, who are not 'able to afford universities and good health', and so on. The person making $5k a year is less healthy than the person making $20k a year is less healthy than the person making $50k a year, and so on. Where are the monocles and secret cultural rituals there? None of these people 'grew up rich', so you should still see benefits when the $20k person wins a few thousand bucks in the lottery, if the causal effect here is through the money. But you don't.
I am, uh, pretty sure that people do claim all the time that money is a pretty big issue and this is why we need more income equality and welfare and jobs.
I thought Samsung Gear VR cost like $100 and the smartphones were like $400, tops?
Yet they have accounted for a growing share of investment in commercial real estate in Britain in recent years. According to a recent Bank of England report, these funds have about $46 billion in assets under management, representing 7 percent of investment in the British market." http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/07/business/dealbook/3-more-p... the linked article.
So it seems this is maybe 3 percent of the overall British mutual fund market, and a fairly exotic part.
If so, we can hope that SK will gradually improve, especially if they can figure out how to corral the out-of-control signaling arms-race which is their educational system. (Although this also predicts bad news for China in the coming decades.)
What did they do with it?