InterNautic

Oh, that Whitechapel stuff was what I am unfamiliar with. Any reading recommendations?

Now I no longer have to summon demons to generate an esoteric palette!

Yes, this is why "it can run CP/M" is popular "form of bragging" among modern homebrew computers builders.

UK was involved in (in)famous story of production of K-202. The story that to these days is a highly controversial topic due to various groups blaming different people (from Jacek Karpiński to communist government) for it's failure tho it was pretty impressive and innovative architecture at the moment it was presented to the world, tho prolonged problems with production deleyed it's arrival so much it was no longer able to keep up with western rivals especially integrated CPUs as K-202 was a TTL based architecture.

You are overestimating the amount of computers produced in eastern bloc and soviet union. Numbers here were nowhere near 600 000 units of total production of original PDP-11 computers in the west. They were almost unobtanium that you had to order few years in advance even if you were a governmental institution. If you were just a mere mortal you was limited to more primitive machines or try smuggling something from the west. You probably had the best chances to get something more or less as advanced as ZX Spectrum at best. Tho there was few units of Apple somehow successfully smuggled back in the '80s to Poland and in use for DTP. They were covered by embargo if I am not mistaken.

So yes, even these PDP clones were rare as heck. As for "mainframe" versions they were mostly built like 1 or 2 dozens of units each variation and kept in research institutions. With high chance that they were cough cough not exactly compatible with each other just because there was not enough of some [working] chips and team assembling a unit had to modify architecture to get whole machine run at all. As for more "desktop" versions like soviet Electronica I would not call them being very common in Poland. Polish PDP clone MERA-60 was for example in the year 1984 made in like 427 units and over 351 were sold abroad. Main client were armies and nuclear research facilities. That's quite limited audience with rather restrictive environment unfriendly for random observer from the outside. Other PDP-11 clone SM-4 was mostly used for CAD so it was relatively rare machine. So I would not call PDP clones to be very common in communist Poland. I doubt you would find too many people in Poland (that had a population of ~38 millions back in the mid '80s) able to tell you anything about PDP architecture when in comparison you would find plenty of people familiar with Intel 8086, MOS 6502, Z80. So it makes perfect sense to compare it to 8086. Especially considering MERA-400 background in K-202 that is commonly being compared in context of Intel's CPU though it predates it. Or maybe exactly because it predates it (long story full of folklore). Anyway once again - almost no one here in Poland is familiar with broad range of what is known as PDP-11. So comparison with 8086 sound reasonable.

If you want to name a single "big iron" computer that mere mortals had highest chance to see it would be one of Odra models (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odra_(computer)). They were much more common. The last unit (a true nest of wire wrapped connections) still in use in industrial settings was replaced just around 2010. It was in use by Polish railways controlling traffic.It was fully designed and assembled in Poland so these machines were accounting for (lower than western) quality of components on all stages including servicing unlike attempts on making PDP clones that sooner or later had to met reality of technological (in)capabilities of the era and place.

As for home computers the name you are looking for is mostly Elwro Junior - ZX Spectrum clone. We may mention "Mazovia" that was a 1986 IBM PC clone-ish computer was produced in about 3300 (33 hundreds in a country with population of 38 millions) units in total.

All the rest was so rare they were made for biggest centers of governmental industry facilities and universities plus army.

Bro, barely anyone in Poland ever seen a PDP-11 in real life and even less people know what PDP-11 is.

They are if you bother to click auto-translate option.

Communist Poland was a producer of acceptable quality peripheral computer hardware, but meh central processing unit parts due to outdated semiconductor production lines and shortages of needed materials and money needed for research and production (central planing sucks at delivering that) and complicated procedures of obtaining governmental permission to import semiconductors from the West (as you needed to use US dollars to pay for them and only government was allowed to perform international transactions using foreign currencies). And even when you get the permit you could have been denied access by western producers if parts you were looking at were covered by western sanctions.

As for designers of hardware – K-202 and later MERA-404 were the most advanced TTL architectures that originated under communist regime in Poland. As for CMOS single chip CPUs whole eastern bloc only managed to copy 8 bit western designs, most notably by teams from Ukraine and Bulgaria (that was also a main Floppy Discs producer in the bloc BTW, other than that cassette tapes and reel to reel tapes were the most common storage media).

As for retaining specialists specialized in deign - they weren't too numerous to begin with. In later years of communist era regimes designed mostly to switch from attempts of developing of own designs to reverse engineering and copying western designs which involved a lot of industrial espionage and smuggling of components and software which even further limited size of group of people who were designing own solutions. Tho Poland continued to produce own designs based on own components as well as parts from the West and Soviet Union well into the 1980s. By the time communist ended a lot of them were well into their 40s and 50s with the biggest group that was about to turn 60. Poland by that time had no manufacturing capabilities to produce modern components in high quantities essential for survival of such businesses. Younger generation was more interested in developing software for western minicomputers like PC, Commodore and Atari products. So there was quite a gap in generations and their main focus.

As for today there is some research on quantum computing and photonics being done in academia. As for manufacturing of more innovative hardware and software most specialists emigrate to Germany, Scandinavia, the UK and the US. Poland is not too friendly for such business (lower level of economic freedom, overcomplicated taxation system etc) compared to these countries especially as risky ones as innovative high tech.

It was running CP/M and was an effect of sanctions and components shortages.With comical results like power outlet made out of regular wall mounted outlet.

Video about that wonder of communism, it has Polish subs so you can use autotranslate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMRAMxtS21A

Ummm, did you look into https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primality_test ?

We can't answer you these questions as we do not know what would benefit you personally. Look at teaching program, typical projects and who is teaching what and then look up papers they published and make your own conclusions. What grants and internship are linked to them etc. Are you planning to make your way into science or into business as a career path. Remember that you can meet different types of people in different schools (might be useful in the future). Also analyze why you get rejected and make conclusions out of it.

Running ChatGPT costs a truckload of cash. Maybe they were forced to cut spending and limit hardware resources or same amount of money can buy less resources due to rising prices.

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