4str0n0mer

Many dictatorships actually do. The question is more like "is it a process that only exists on paper?". If an election ends with a 98% approval of the supreme leader (or whatever the designation), then it's probably rigged and just for show...

Maybe a sufficiently crafty vendor of MITM equipment could prevent MITM site certificates that are signed by evil intermediate CAs from appearing in CT logs by filtering access to those CT logs. But it is a risky proposition for the vendor, as you've said.

Another small correction: In order to MITM https, you need access to either a trusted root certificate and key, or a key & certificate with the CA bit set, signed by a valid root CA.

You are both right and wrong, because you (and I) are not clearly distinguishing between different kinds of efficiency and effectiveness.

Liquid cooling is, without question, more /effective/. It makes things cooler, it has a far higher capacity for heat transport.

However, with /efficiency/, you do weigh the results against the effort put in: A solution is more efficient if the quotient result/effort is higher. However, in case of cooling, there are two ways to measure effort: energy expended or money expended. In the case of energy efficiency, yes, liquid cooling is better, because of the aforementioned higher effectiveness of heat transport, lesser energy expenses for pumps/fans and easier energy reuse. However, financially, all that liquid handling, custom piping, pumping, coolant, etc. is by far more expensive than a few air ducts and fans. Even with air-air heat pumps, air cooling is still less expensive, so better financial efficiency. That's why everybody is doing it as a default atm.

Not good. As you can see, even the upper side connections are submerged, and plugs still look like standard components. Nothing to say of the backplane connectors on the lower side and RAM and CPU connections. They seem to just have taken a blade enclosure and flipped it backside up. So yes, it looks expensive, maybe impressive for some audience, but totally impractical even though they claim it to be a custom design.

Because the temperature spread a given heat pump uses isn't really suitable for district heating, your output water would only be in the 50 to 60°C range at most, too low for typical district heating systems. One can get around that with multi-stage heat pumps or different coolants, but both are expensive investments typically not viable for existing systems.

Yes, heat reuse is easier with water cooling since the losses are smaller, but even air cooling will produce warm water in the end. There will be coming regulations requiring a certain amount of heat reuse, but in a first step, this probably won't force direct water cooling.

For those regulations, there is also the important aspect of free cooling, i.e just using outside air as a medium or using an air-air heat exchanger like a Tokyo Wheel. Mandated heat reuse (without appropriate exceptions) would make those illegal, however in certain situations those are the best (environmentally and financially) methods of cooling. E.g. in a moderately hot summer you can use 20-30°C outside air without a problem, but if you would mandate heat reuse at that time, you would have lots and lots of excess heat on your hands with nobody buying it. So while some regulation will be coming, I hope and think that it wouldn't really issue a strict mandate to reuse heat and allow free air cooling, which would exclude direct water cooling.

Since it is about public institutions, any public servant disobeying will be disciplined. That can include strongly worded letters, demotions or even firing. For public institutions spending money on (for them) illegal goods, activities or licenses is not possible, which means that any receipt they hand in for that won't ever get reimbursed. Which also means they wouldn't get the goods in the first place, because the business selling them knows they will get stiffed.

This pops up every few years. I can remember building a liquid cooled LAN-party rig at some point.

But imho especially immersion cooling is a dead end. Contact problems with cabling lower reliability because the isolating coolant creeps between the metal surfaces. Maintenance is unbelievably convoluted, not only do you have to drain all the fluid out to pull a machine, you will need to clean each and every plug, socket and pin you touch because the contact surfaces will be coated with isolating coolant. This could only be fixed with a complete redesign of everything, so that all or at least most contacts are "dry". Using fluid-tight plugs is very expensive, and anyways, most ideas there won't work for important components such as CPU and RAM.

Liquid cooling will fare better, because you can strike a balance between high-power components like CPU and GPU where you slap a liquid cooler on. And low-power components like most of the board you just cool by air as usual. But even there, maintenance is somewhat of a hassle, in addition to all the cabling you also need to deal with piping, leaks, drippage (which aren't supposed to happen, but trust me, they do). I think the only field where this is really going to be used is HPC for applications where floorspace is limited. E.g. if your network cabling must be within a certain length limit of your central network node, so you need to cram all your racks for the supercomputer you are building within some 20m circle or the like.

Less top-of-the-line HPC and datacenters are better served by just limiting power density and continuing air cooling as usual. Datacentre floorspace is expensive, but not _that_ expensive, so you will always fare better (and usually more environment-friendly) with air cooling.

If you would detonate the moon, break it up into small pieces and smear them out over its orbit, tidal friction would cease. Tidal friction is a major component of the earth's rotation's slowdown.

Basically, things like the weather can influence the speed of rotation. Angular momentum changes when mass is closer to the center of gravity or farther out. That measurably includes mass like water in clouds and leafs on trees.

Very much so.

Look at astronomical software, e.g. xephem. There will be a "clocks" tab that displays a number of different clocks, TAI (atomic clock, no leap seconds), UTC (global civil time), media solar time (GMT, which ISN'T UTC) and finally, derived from the aforementioned "sidereal time", which is the one you really need to adjust your telescope. Sidereal time is derived from a year with 1 more day basically, because the earth moving around the sun adds 1 more rotation of the background stars. Which is a drift of roughly 4 minutes per day.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time

Oh, and then there is stuff like Julian date which you need to look up the myriads of catalogues and tables you need for corrections because everything "wobbles" even more than you'd think.

Yes, dropping leap seconds will remove 1 table lookup from the above. But astronomical time systems are so complex that that change is a drop in the ocean.