If you're familiar with Python Leiningen takes the place of both pip and virtualenv. Every project has a project.clj file where you declare your project dependencies and running "lein deps" from your project root handles it from there. This includes libraries and the version of Clojure you're targeting. When you add/delete/change a dependency in project.clj you simply run "lein deps" again. You never have to run "pip freeze" or make a requirements.txt file because project.clj serves that purpose as well.
As an example, Leiningen's own project.clj: https://github.com/technomancy/leiningen/blob/master/project...
For distributing your app, you just compile it to a JAR, and the user only needs plain old java to run it.
Clojure is really a simple language to use, which is one reason why I like it a lot (and use it for most of my projects). Compared to Scala and Haskell, Clojure is fast to learn. Java interop with Clojure is also really simple. I often use existing Java code by including it in my Clojure project and adding the magic Java build stuff to my project.clj file. Some purists might like to have just Clojure in their projects, but being able to pull in my old Java code (and other open source libraries) as needed is a large time saver. If Java libraries are small, I like to have them in my project. I use IntelliJ for both Clojure and Java development and having all the code in one place is often nicer than pulling in JAR dependencies.
It's way more complicated to have apt-get for some things, lein for other ones, pip install, quicklisp, the ruby gems, emacs packages, and every other environment reimplementing something that should be possible to reuse.
From the outside, and without researching a lot, it seems that the problem is that authority/responsibility is not easily delegated in the right way.
Perhaps someone can create something like a federated-containerized(contained?)-buzzword-github-like-blockchain-social-aptget-buzzword-thingie. Only half-joking here, but perhaps there's something a la git/dropbox, a product that you don't see coming until you turn the corner and They Just Got It Right. Something created on top of http://ipfs.io , for example, which looks very promising!
EDIT: Perhaps a simpler solution is to enable apt to delegate specific domains to packages marked as package managers, and have them talk through a specified protocol...
That's a win if you switch around a lot.
pip freeze > requirements.txt
Has a nice elegance to it as well :).