On a side note - I work in tech education, and I have to say that the software projects that motivated people of your age are creating is astonishing. Keep it up!
https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=this+sentence+is+false
Evidence for this lies in the fact that for the last hour, WolframAlpha was down for my bot due to excessive requests- and yet, no-one has noticed until this point- proving that there is significantly more to the algorithm then merely scraping their API.
On a side note as well: I am creating an web app in the tech education, and would love to connect with other ed tech people. What's your contact? My email is in my profile.
I've got a bunch of other (perhaps) relevant experience and would be happy to have a discussion with you. My e-mail is also in my profile.
Unlike pregnant which is a binary (are/are not), unique means the quality of differing from other things, and this is a continium.
Even the dictionary, in one of the terms for unique, gives a meaning that's not "unique" in a binary way at all:
"not typical; unusual".
If it wasn't a continuum we wouldn't have expressions like "totally unique" or the "most unique" used above (like we don't have for pregnancy). And they are not mere errors (like using your instead of you're etc.), they are used to express this notion, that something can be "different" than all other things in different deegres.
Pedantic, but you can't. Unique is not a gradable adjective. This is not just my opinion :
http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/05/an-extremely-most...
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/...
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adjectives-gradable-non....
> we wouldn't have expressions like "totally unique" or the "most unique"
I wouldn't normally bring this up, but while we're being pedantic, there are lots of reasonably common expressions that exhibit gratingly poor grammar or sematics. You have quoted two of them above.
> unique means the quality of differing from other things, and this is a continium.
Ah no. Unique means "one of a kind", not merely "differing". "uni" as a prefix means one, e.g unicycle, universe, unitard. "one of a kind"-ness is not continuous! As per the second link, "unique" already contains the idea of "very different".
>However, sometimes the situation isn’t so cut and dried. There’s a set of adjectives (including perfect, infinite, and unique) which fall into both categories, gradable and absolute. (...)
>(...) unique has developed a weaker, less precise meaning: ‘very remarkable, special, or unusual’. The historical Oxford English Dictionary first records this sense in the 19th century, and it’s now well established. The ‘very remarkable or special’ meaning is not an absolute concept and is therefore gradable, so it’s grammatically acceptable to use modifying adverbs:
√ I saw a guy wearing some really unique eyeglasses. √ They’ve devised a highly unique way to cook and serve meals.
http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/05/an-extremely-most...
"My matter hath no voice, to your own most pregnant and vouchsafed ear." -- Viola, "Twelfth Night"
"It just means what I choose it to mean" is the basis of Relativism.
Could Humpty Dumpty say "I like ice cream" and mean "atoms are actually divisible"? If not then does that mean your argument is a boatload of crap?
Humpty is a great story: http://sabian.org/looking_glass6.php, it's a wonderful exploration of meaning and usage.
But I'll unpack some of here.
Here's the lead up to the quote I gave:
"[Humpty said:] As I was saying, that seems to be done right — though I haven't time to look it over thoroughly just now — and that shows that there are three hundred and sixty-four days when you might get un-birthday presents —'
'Certainly,' said Alice.
'And only one for birthday presents, you know. There's glory for you!'
'I don't know what you mean by "glory",' Alice said.
Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. 'Of course you don't — till I tell you. I meant "there's a nice knock-down argument for you!"' 'But "glory" doesn't mean "a nice knock-down argument",' Alice objected."
I think it is clear that Humpty's meaning was quite obvious, and Alice's complaint a bit dense. But while Humpty insists that he must tell Alice what he means, we can see that he needn't.
Of course, this word commanding business is as dangerous as you note, and Lewis Carroll is on the case:
"Alice was too much puzzled to say anything; so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again. 'They've a temper, some of them — particularly verbs: they're the proudest — adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs — however, I can manage the whole lot of them! Impenetrability! That's what I say!'
'Would you tell me please,' said Alice, 'what that means?'
'Now you talk like a reasonable child,' said Humpty Dumpty, looking very much pleased. 'I meant by "impenetrability" that we've had enough of that subject, and it would be just as well if you'd mention what you mean to do next, as I suppose you don't mean to stop here all the rest of your life.'
'That's a great deal to make one word mean,' Alice said in a thoughtful tone.
'When I make a word do a lot of work like that,' said Humpty Dumpty, 'I always pay it extra.'"
On the one hand, words can have many meanings, and any particular meaning must in part be taken from context. On the other hand, if we just try to _impose_ a meaning on a word, we defeat all communication, and make ourselves ridiculous to boot.
That doesn't work when people are exchanging ideas on a forum and not everyone has read the same body of work. Because of the difficulty inherent in estimating who has read what, it is usually smart to avoid arguments "from the arts".
> allowing us to use quotes as "pointers" to ideas much larger than anything we could state briefly.
Larger than you could state briefly. Plus, aphorisms exist to fill in the gap you're talking about - all the benefits of brevity without the need for previous literary knowledge.
The excerpt you quoted reads like a boring story about a character that suffers from an affectation that makes him (her?) obsessed with trying to find reasons for using words loosely. I also didn't understand what he/she meant by "there's glory for you" even after the supposed explanation of what "glory" means in Dumpty's head.
"'If you can see whether I'm singing or not, you've sharper eyes than most,' Humpty Dumpty remarked severely."
If you think "Alice In Wonderland" is boring, you're missing out.
Read How to Speak and Write Correctly by Joseph Devlin for several instances of where Shakespeare made English mistakes and how to actually write correct English without appeal to authority.
That argument works, though, if we were speaking a language with a regulating body, such as French or Portuguese. Those regulating bodies define their languages in such a way that the "famous writers" never make mistakes. That's not the case with English. Let's keep English real. Shakespeare made several mistakes, read Devlin's grammar.
There are, therefore, no hard and fast authorities on English usage. English has principles and precedents, but not rules, and good writing is that which uses or violates those principles to communicate effectively. Shakespeare isn't an authority on usage, he's a compendium of examples of how usage can be harnessed for expression.
Now following those principles, and leveraging the readers' understanding and usage of them, allows far more expressive sentences. Gibbon writes enormous sentences that are clear as water and more efficient than any possible revision. Lincoln, by mastery of grammar, was able to express himself both powerfully and precisely. But the rules are in the service of expression, and good writers depart them when they don't permit the expression of what they want to say.
Complaints about the "mistakes" of great authors are generally mistakes about what the other meant to say, or insistence on some compliance that would damage brevity or power or nuance without adding any clarity. On ten minutes googling Devlin, I couldn't find a single "mistake" whose correction would clearly improve the sentence. Several of his examples miss the point, or weaken the sentence.
But if you want an authority, go to C.S. Lewis:
"About amn't I, aren't I and am I not, of course there are no right or wrong answers about language in the sense in which there are right and wrong answers in Arithmetic. . . . Don't take any notice of teachers and textbooks in such matters. Nor of logic. It is good to say "more than one passenger was hurt," although more than one equals at least two and therefore logically the verb ought to be plural were not singular was!"
http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/04/c-s-lewis-on-writing.ht...
"More than one person is" is correct not because of any systematic reason, but because of euphony - it is more pleasing to the ear than "more than one person are". That, and whether the communication was effective, are the rulers of languages. That's how we got to where we are and how we go to where we are going. Not with central bodies regulating languages and not with language authorities we must emulate or check our usage against.
> Complaints about the "mistakes" of great authors are generally [...]
Yes, a lot of people have trouble accepting that even the greats make mistakes.
I don't use "unique" that way. Do you want "unique" to be just a redundant synonym for "different" or not?
Nor are there "multiple languages". There's one language and in that language, unique IS used that way by some (most) people.
The cat's out of the bag.
Maybe not, but it is about what I do or don't say.
> Nor are there "multiple languages". There's one language
I don't think so, actually. There are differences in usage e.g. from. US to UK.
I could care less.
Maybe you could, but I could not ;)
The letter "R" is unique in the English alphabet. The particular grain of sand in the palm of my hand is unique to the world's beaches.
Are "R" and this grain of sand equally unique? Might there be a way to compare them?
I don't want to debate the point, rather to pose the question and see what any responses might illuminate.
Have a nice day. :)
Pedantry is attention to compliance with usage "rules" rather than the success of the expression.
Your English is far, far better than my command of whatever your native tongue is.
I think that, from context, it was clear I was using "pregnancy" to mean "the state of being pregnant" and not referring to the nine month gestation period.
That'll teach me to contribute to pedantry-focussed subthreads. :-)
Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal? The Perceptual Dialectology of California
http://eng.sagepub.com/content/35/4/325.abstract
http://people.duke.edu/~eec10/hellanorcal.pdf
This study provides the first detailed account of perceptual dialectology within California (as well as one of the first accounts of perceptual dialectology within any single state). Quantitative analysis of a map-labeling task carried out in Southern California reveals that California's most salient linguistic boundary is between the northern and southern regions of the state. Whereas studies of the perceptual dialectology of the United States as a whole have focused almost exclusively on regional dialect differences, respondents associated particular regions of California less with distinctive dialects than with differences in language (English versus Spanish), slang use, and social groups. The diverse sociolinguistic situation of California is reflected in the emphasis both on highly salient social groups thought to be stereotypical of California by residents and nonresidents alike (e.g., surfers) and on groups that, though prominent in the cultural landscape of the state, remain largely unrecognized by outsiders (e.g., hicks).
[...]
By far, the most frequently remarked-upon slang term in the map-labeling data was hella, accounting for 47.4 percent of the slang and other lexical labels. Hella is a slang term originating in Northern California and one that remains—aside from a few brief moments in the national spotlight due to its circulation in popular culture— largely restricted to that region (Bucholtz 2006). The term, which apparently lexicalized from (a) hell of (a), functions as both a quantifier (There were hella people there) and an intensifier (He runs hella fast). Four respondents also mentioned the slang term hecka, the G-rated equivalent of hella, but this term was not counted separately, because tokens of hecka always co-occurred with hella. For Southern Californians in particular, hella represents a crucial shibboleth separating the two major regions of the state. As shown in Figure 7, respondents tended to identify hella overwhelmingly as a Northern California slang term, and its appearance in other regions of the map drops dramatically from north to south. Thus Northern California was variously labeled the hellas, Land of the Hella’s, and Hella capital, and one respondent provided an isogloss designating “the ‘hella’ line.” (In the map data, the Central Coast around Santa Barbara seemed to be the dividing line between users and nonusers of hella, and the fact that the study was conducted in this region may have enhanced respondents’ focus on this particular issue.) [*10: The respondent’s confusion may also be due to the existence of the Crips, a notorious Los Angeles–based gang.] Hella users were also negatively evaluated by Southern Californians, and the term came in for a good deal of criticism, such as Hella is not a real word and [hecka is] probably the worst word ever.