The developer division (DevDiv) currently mostly uses TFVC. For the open source projects this doesn't make a lot of sense though, which is why most these are moving to git.
Of course, we're a big company so you'll also find Mercurial and SVN, especially in MSR. I really hope that you don't find SourceSafe anymore though :-)
Github just hosts git repositories. You can use git and not host on Github.
They were using git, but hosting the repository on CodePlex.
But they were using a different tool internally.
[1] http://blogs.msdn.com/b/visualstudioalm/archive/2013/08/20/t...
But seemingly less and less so, especially in the SDK-teams. Which is definitely interesting.
If Microsoft's own SDK-developers don't want to use Microsoft's own source-control and ALM-system, but rather prefers Github, what signals does that send? I would sayed mixed at best.
GitHub does a great job hosting open source projects. TFS doesn't. I don't think this is a mixed message, we're using the right git hosting service for the job.