Well, amateur experimental aircraft have something like this available: http://verticalpower.com/ - but there's a lot of negative reactions to this kind of technology, because it introduces new failure modes where none previously existed before.

But I think something that people forget is that generally, fuses are there to protect wiring and fixtures (switches, connectors, etc) from fire. Preventing the device on the circuit that you, the user, cares about from completely melting down is just a nice bonus.

That's why building wiring codes generally spec fuses to cope with the capacity handled by wiring and switches, rather than the loads attached to it.

EDIT: In any case you NEVER want the car to silently and automatically try to "re-set" a tripped breaker, surely. You want this kind of fault to present itself noisily and obviously; it's a precursor to a potentially dangerous condition.

Any automatic re-set will have to factor in some cool-down time for the wiring in between attempts... what is the temperature of an overheating pair of conductors in the wiring loom when the breaker tripped? What rate of heat dissipation is there allowing them to cool down again? A wire which has experienced overheating will have a different (higher) resistance after the short-circuit event. Even if the wire isn't permenantly damaged, the temporary increase in temperature will still guarantee a momentarily higher resistance. Will the wire still have low enough resistance to trip the breaker again when the short is applied again?