I've worked in big corporate environments and small startups (both as a manager and a developer). In the former, I think you have to ask whether your boss has your back. Is he/she interested in furthering your career / ask about your aspirations / come up with a concrete plan for getting you there? If not, you're stuck. In that case, I've found it helps enormously to make yourself visible to your boss's peers (and his/her boss). Figure out what their priorities are and start to address them.

If you're in a smaller company or startup then you've just got to have hustle. Chances are that there are half a dozen unfilled job roles around you and you just need to step in.

Both cases summed up by this advice I received early in my career:

"People don't promote you into a role until you're already doing it."