Haskell doesn't require you to do that by default. There is a warning flag for that, but in general language is okay with defining partial functions, more so than most languages (because laziness lets you cheat death).

  > Statically typed languages like Haskell and Rust require 
  > the programmer to list all possible cases when matching 
  > on a value.

This isn't a consequence of static vs. dynamic, it's just a question of philosophy. In fact, Rust didn't use to require you exhaustively list out all cases, though it does today in order to help catch errors at compile-time rather than at runtime.

I should also mention that if yo don't want to list out all variants, that's easily done by using the _ pattern (the "ignore this" pattern):

  match some_direction {
      East => print("You're going east!"),
      _ => print("You're going in some direction that isn't east!")
  }