I totally agree, it's sad when interesting links die, and it's sad when a search term is extremely generic.
Here's what I've got, pasted out of my notes:
House has been successfully implemented in Haskell, I'd assume that Haskell would fit your criteria. Admittedly, House is an experimental OS, rather than production one. But they have managed to implement everything from kernel though network stack, to a rudimentary GUI.
[link broken, see search results below]
2005
http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/943
House is a demo of software written in Haskell, running in a standalone environment. It is a system than can serve as a platform for exploring various ideas relating to low-level and system-level programming in a high-level functional language.
More details are available in our ICFP 2005 paper: A Principled Approach to Operating System Construction in Haskell.
http://ogi.altocumulus.org/~hallgren/ICFP2005/
http://programatica.cs.pdx.edu/House/
terse wikipedia article on House
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(operating_system)
short LTU thread on functional systems programming
http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/943
...oh, also there's a book, "Unix System Programming with Standard ML"
by Anthony L. Shipman
2001
Was free online, link is broken, available via archive.org:
http://web.archive.org/web/20040531113417/web.access.net.au/...
http://web.archive.org/web/20040531113417/web.access.net.au/...
I just found that, have not read it.