To be more specific, you need progressive overload to gain strength over time, and you also need more time if you hope to get positive cardio benefits [such as improved heart health and endurance]. The time affects your cardio, the load affects your strength gains.
The minimum amount of time you need for good heart health is listed here: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivit...
AHA Recommendation
At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity at least 5 days per week for a total of 150
OR
At least 25 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity at least 3 days per week for a total of 75; or a combination of the two
AND
Moderate to high intensity muscle-strengthening activity at least 2 or more days per week for additional health benefits.
In addition, as your body gets stronger (or more used to a given exercise) you should increase the load, which means either more reps, more sets, or increased "difficulty" (which is usually adding weights, but could be a different bodyweight exercise that targets the same muscle areas but in different ways).
Doing this same set week after week will make you REALLY GOOD at those exercises, and you'll suddenly find yourself blasting through them, which is good. But then you're still weak in a number of other ways.