Does any flavor of this functionality exist for Windows command prompt?
batch scripts in windows behave like scripts on unix do when you source them. That means that you can write a batch script called "foo.bat" with the contents of "cd \whatever\directory\you\please" and it will change your current directory when run.
From there, it would not be difficult to write a batch script that in turn wrote batch scripts like "foo.bat" above.
With bash, you would have to create functions or aliases to get the same effect.