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Comment by Genmutant | Hacker News Reader

In Python you have a "real" constructor you can use: __new__. So I think it's good not to call __init__ a constructor. Unless of course you differ in my opinion that __new__ is a constructor?

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I do. __new__ is effectively an allocator, or an interface to it. It allocates an unconstructed object. Then the constructor, __init__ is called on that.

Edited to add: Reading around, it appears that smalltalk has no separation between allocation and construction, having only the equivalent to `operator new`/`Class#new`/`obj.__new`, with initialization also happening in overloads of that. So some confusion may stem from that. I do think the distinction is meaningful and important in languages that separate these two things out, though.

I'll have to check my terminology to understand this better. But I can assure you that most of the programmers who take my Python classes (who tend to come from Java, C#, and C++) are rather surprised that the constructor modifies an existing object, and doesn't actually create the object.

That said, I'm totally willing to believe that neither they nor I understood the difference between an "allocator" and a "constructor." I'll check into this further, both for myself and for the sake of future writing and lectures!

Well, they have a poor understanding[1] of the sequence of events in C++ if they think that the constructor allocates the object there (I won't speak too strongly to Java or C#, since I don't work in them if I don't have to, but I believe that they both work in a very similar way). This would in fact be impossible, since many constructors are usually called for any given object (and all constructors in the object's graph are always called, unlike the more traditional OO languages where the upcall is usually explicit). Also because where an object is allocated is a decision of the caller. It can be allocated with new on the heap, on the stack with a simple declaration, or at an arbitrary memory location with placement new.

In C++ the heap object initialization goes like this:

    Obj *obj = new Obj;

This calls either `Obj::operator new` or the globally scoped `::operator new`, which somehow obtains an area of memory at least sizeof(obj) bytes long and returns it. After that calls to the object's constructors are generated and called.

`operator new` is an allocator and the constructor initializes the raw bytes returned from it.

You can actually do the process explicitly in its entirety like so using placement new, which is a special form that calls the constructors on an arbitrary location:

    Obj *obj = ::operator new(sizeof(Obj);
    new(obj) Obj;

You can't call constructors directly (except with a C++0x feature that lets you call them from a same-level constructor) because of the issue of how they're ordered based on the object graph. They have a precondition of their parent class having been fully constructed.

[1] Note: I don't really mean this as a judgement, understanding of C++ internals are pretty poor in a lot of programmers and for pretty good reasons a lot of the time.

Hi, I'm a C# developer who has done some Java and C++ in the past. You may consider me in the box of people who thinks the constructor creates the object, and the object not existing until the constructor finishes. The allocation of memory is not what I would count as creation of an object, as a model of memory is basically unrelated to the idea of objects and language semantics as I use them. If the object cannot be used, I would consider it not yet created.

I am not trying to argue (on the contrary, I would defer to your expertise), but rather I mean to add a small data point of what perspective developers with my background may have.

In the discussion of C++ constructors, someone usually (IME) says something like, "now remember, it's not a real Foo until the constructor finishes!" because the invariants haven't been set up yet. That could be where the misunderstanding you mentioned comes from.

In Smalltalk, 'new' is a class method which allocates a new instance, but which then has no special access to the internals of that newly created instance. An instance method, 'initialize' is then almost always used to set the initial state (by convention - this is not an actual language feature). Most commonly, initialize is called by new, but this again is just a convention, and a fairly recent one.

Interesting. Yes, it is very similar in both ruby and python, except that the convention is stronger by virtue of being the default behaviour of #new or .__new__ respectively. The placement of the methods (new on the class object and init[ialize] on the instance) is identical.

I really should do something in smalltalk. I only know details about it from reading about it, really, I've never had an opportunity to use it directly, though I go out of my way to understand its influences on more contemporary languages.

My very limited experience working with the Smalltalk language and environment was quite negative, although I hear people sing its praises, so perhaps I just didn't know what I was doing.

That said, it seems to me that many Ruby developers (and to a more limited degree, Python developers) are learning Smalltalk nowadays, for the same reason as English speakers learn Latin: to understand the origins of the language, and thus get a deeper understanding of how it works.

Yes, and while I'm generally of the view that Smalltalk has lessons to teach, of course they aren't all good ones - in particular I sometimes feel that the way construction and initialization is done in Smalltalk has tended to incentivise having getters and setters for every internal variable, and has perhaps contributed to the rather brittle style of program construction that is decried as part of "everything that's wrong with OOP".

Good point. Python's __init__ is closer to Common Lisp's 'initialize-instance :after' except for the fact that Common Lisp provides :initarg to allow make-instance to fully construct an object in most cases.

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