There are a number of ways for handling permanent storage. Volumes on host is a good one. If you create permissions issues with different users that's a problem you created and can easily solve.
Anyone with half a brain and experience with virtualization or dev ops in general can see that the numerous powerful features of Docker provide a superior paradigm.
Your reaction is quite common though. Similar to the reaction people had with Node.js or going back very far to Java. Any new game changing technology that comes along is going to have people dismissing it for various reasons.
You may need to simply say that its not ready because you found some problems that you weren't able to solve such as data storage. This way you can pretend the technology is immature rather than admitting that you weren't able to figure out how to use it.
Other reasons for dismissing paradigm shifting technologies besides just not being able to learn them: status quo bias or sunk costs. Many application developers, once they had dedicated a certain portion of their lives to learning the intricacies of c plus plus were not able to accept that superior application development technologies were invented.