Doesn't Scala support the exact same features? I know OCaml is based on ML and is mostly structural, while Scala more of a Java-like curly brace lang that is nominal, but your feature list makes them sound the same.
1. Tail call elimination 2. A full-featured module system 3. Functors (functions at the module level) 4. First-class modules 5. GADTs 6. Polymorphic variants 7. A decidable type system 8. ... more?
Things OCaml lacks which Scala has:
1. Traits 2. Implicits 3. Trivial Java FFI 4. Seamless syntactic macros (c.f. camlp4) 5. ... more?
It lacks 7, and about 2/3, which are basically the same, where scala at least supports mixin constructions (which you can also get from class-parameter ised functors, though maybe not in Ocamel).
I see now that Scala can encode GADTs in case classes. What mechanism is available to encode polymorphic variants? Particularly, I am interested in writing matches over unions of polymorphic variant types.
I disagree that 2 and 3 are the same (structural module subtyping, nesting, inclusion differs from applicative functors). I believe you can achieve mixins with OCaml through the object system but it's not clear to me that this addresses functor signature checking.
Another Scala bonus: 5. Objects can implicitly be null.
I was confused about polymorphic variants. Scala doesn't seem to have that.
I did a lot of work with units (dr. scheme-style functors) before, and when I moved to scala for my postdoc, I found all my patterns expressible using mixins and nominal types...I didn't miss the modules (1st class or otherwise).
Scala has a non-null-ability option, but most programmers I think would find null damn convenient.