It's quite useful outside of rails in that sense I'd say. It could have just as easily been done in JavaScript but I'm not a fan of the syntax(fuck curly braces)
I'd maintain that just about anything out there can be used outside of the context you think of it in.
Asking if coffeescript is useful outside of rails is similar to asking is perl is useful outside of scripting, it's a poor and misguided conception that languages can only be used in a certain way or with a certain tool.
I'd say that's true much more often than not that if you know a language well you can build complex applications with it.
Also, yes, plenty of people outside of the Rails community use CoffeeScript (I'm one of them)
CoffeeScript is no more of a "hack" than any compiler. Compilers take one language and turn it into another.
I think you mean Ruby syntax, not semantics. CoffeeScript's semantics are much closer to JavaScript than Ruby in almost every way.
It may have it's roots in the Ruby world, but I'd wager more non-Rubyists use CS at this point than Rubyists. I'm one of them.