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I was also startled when python did ß.upper() returns "SS". Which is kind of unsuspected in some cases (if string length changes with an upper call)

[SpecialCasing] Contains additional case mappings that map to more than one character, such as "ß" to "SS".

5.1 adds uppercase ẞ which can fold to either ss or lowercase ß depending on the chosen algorithm.

Yes, but for backwards compatibility, Unicode doesn't uppercase ß to ẞ.

Seems kinda logical, since that’s how the Germans did it for a long time? ẞ wasn’t introduced until 2017 or so, AFAICT.