Following the citations, the original source is this 2013 paper: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4279242/pdf/nihms58...

The paper compares women in STEM to women outside STEM (as the baseline). However, the paper tracks a cohort of high school/college students from 1979, meaning they would've reached 35 by the 1990s.

From one of the linked sources: https://womenhack.com/women-in-tech-statistics/

>Women leave tech at 45% higher rates than men. [Accenture, 2024]

What percent of them are married to men in tech and then leave the industry after they have kids, since they can afford to live on a single income at that point even in HCOL areas? I would guess a lot.