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Probably in a similar way to how they go after IP/copyright currently. One method they use is to push for law changes in free trade agreements. US would use whatever leverage they have to get other countries on board and locked in to US providers.

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That might stop European companies from buying inference directly from China. I don’t see how anyone could possibly stop them from taking an open-weight Chinese model and then modifying it and selling it to Americans as a European model.

It would become known and be blocked. You think if the EU started rebadging and reexporting Chinese EVs to the US the EU tariff wouldn't jumt up to the Chinese level very quickly?

How can you prove that a modified LLM was based on a Chinese model?

IANA AI researcher, but there are different technique for fingerprinting or assessing the similarity of different LLM models. Or it could become known via a leak, or good old humint.

If it wanted to, the US could make model inspection (with direct access to the weights) a condition of access to their market.

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