Type A attestation is, generally, solved. Carrier A attests that the number is one of theirs, and they know that the caller is one of theirs too and attached to their network.
However: this is a fraction of calls. Carriers also sell blocks of phone numbers without the corresponding access network. This is what allows you to pick, say, a Twilio number with a local area code. In these cases the best that can be hoped for is a lesser attestation.
But it gets worse, because the operator can also sell blocks of numbers to people with no direct connection to the US carriers and who need to spoof US numbers. That call from Capital One comes from the Philippines via two or three intermediate operators, none of whom can attest to much of anything. And into that gap ride the spammers.
Furthermore, in an Experian-like twist, some carriers also realized that businesses would pay to have their calls show up as "trusted" on the recipient's phone. So the standards were enhanced to deliver 'rich call data'. However, in order to be something worth paying for you also need a baseline of calls that do not have that premium look. A scam? You decide.
Finally, one other misaligned incentive. All of this needs VoIP. Not TDM (classic legacy telephony). However, the big US carriers make bank selling TDM circuits to the hundreds of small regional telcos, and refuse to sell them SIP trunks, because it's s such an easy money maker. So again, technology loses to incentives. These incentives, to make money from phone numbers, vastly outpace what
Thanks for the inside perspective.
Everything is built to address that weakness - think DKIM, SPF, etc, plus STIR/SHAKEN, to say nothing of IP or ASN filtering, but they feel like bandaids on a very difficult problem. What you end up with are basically default-deny except for a personally curated trust set ("only accept calls from my contacts", "everything goes in spam unless I have previously corresponded with the sender"), etc.
One last robocall story. AT&T sat on their hands for years until consumer groups embarrassed the then-CEO enough to do something about it. There was a memorable interview in the Dallas Morning News where they called him on it instead of lobbing him softballs and I suspect that the embarrassment finally got through.
TFA also mentions that by routing calls through older non-IP networks you lose the accurate information, although it sounds like the FCC is slowly cracking down on this.