The PRC embraced capitalism back in 1976 albeit with a state component.
Additionally Xiaomi and Oppo both developed entirely via private sector capital in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Furthermore, I listed other Korean and Taiwanese players that also continued to exist despite historically not being the mobile phone business until the iPhone announcement as well as Japanese players that were able to pivot and survive in a smartphone driven world.
The failure of Nokia itself highlights the failure of the European ecosystem.
Smartphones, AdTech, FinTech, Cloud, Fabless Chip Design, EVs, etc were all greenfield sectors in the late 2000s that any country could have staked a claim in. Plenty did, but the European states didn't outside of FinTech somewhat.
The crux of that issue is because there is a severe aversion to funding, developing, and incubating early stage founders and firms, and much of that stems from a mix of regulatory and policy failures within European states that make early stage ventures unrealistic or bias in favor of protecting large incumbents.