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With it, can you use your laptop offline?

yes, as long as you signed in once while online. windows caches the creds locally and afaik they do not expire

What happens if you disable the account online, then, or change its password? I haven't worked through this before and I'm curious about it.

password changes or deleting the account will lock out the local credential .

How, if the computer's offline?

yes it would wait for the next online check. But what are offline computers doing these days?