I don’t know what to tell you other than to say that the concept of determinism in engineering is extremely new
Everything you said right now holds equally true for chemical engineering and biomedical engineering so like you need get some experience
Everything you said right now holds equally true for chemical engineering and biomedical engineering so like you need get some experience
That doesn't mean complex systems never behaved unexpectedly, but the engineering goal was explicit determinism wherever possible: predictable execution, bounded failure modes, reproducible debugging. That tradition carried through operating systems, compilers, finance software, avionics, etc.
What is newer is our comfort with probabilistic or emergent systems, especially in AI/ML. LLMs are deterministic mathematically, but in practice they behave probabilistically from a user perspective, which makes them feel different from classical algorithms.
So I'd frame it less as "determinism is new" and more as "we're now building more systems where strict determinism isn't always the primary goal."
Going back to the original point, getting educated on LLMs will help you demystify some of the non-determinism but as I mentioned in a previous comment, even the people who literally built the LLMs get surprised by the behavior of their own software.
We’re talking about software algorithms. Chemical and biomedical engineering are entirely different fields. As are psychology, gardening, and morris dancing