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These troops have been invited, which makes a legal difference (at least for all those who still believe in the rule of law); see https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46630190

As far as I am aware, although Operation Arctic Endurance is pitched as being in the interests of NATO, it is technically not being run via NATO.

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yes, under NATO command means under US command, so this is significant. Still, it reminds me of the Dutch deployment of UN peacekeepers in Sarajevo - if and when it comes down to it, they will leave without firing a shot

Whether defenders fire shots is immaterial; what matters is if or when they become targets of an armed attack.

Recall that art 3(c) means invaders would also not have to fire any shots to commit an act of aggression: establishing a blockade suffices.

The Netherlands bought the military hardware they needed to run their own CAS after that episode.

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