It’s a circle that needs to be broken. It has multiple parties even without device manufacturers.

Users - there is a broad scope of users. For sustainable eco-system you need also user interest and support of such.

Developers - that sounds funny. I know. But you need enough leverage to get apps or services to be open.

Companies/Software - a modern mobile device takes place in almost any interaction. Commuting, payment, banking, grocery shopping, social messaging, doom scrolling.

Biggest hope for the future is ensuring PWA becomes standardized enough. That way the OS lock-in could be reduced.