As far as I know, Twitter has always done this since the "Likes" were introduced. I don't think they're recorded in a permanent manner on who liked what, just the total number of likes per post as a counter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventual_consistency
In addition to "optimistic UI". https://imhoff.blog/posts/optimistic-ui-primer
The UI optimistically allows the user to tap/click the like button and the eventually-consistent backend determines if the like is valid. The UI doesn't verify if the user is allowed to like because that's the backend's job.
Tom Scott has a video on it. https://youtube.com/watch?v=RY_2gElt3SA