In places with functional government they actually implemented it at the cost of the producers.
"Extended producer responsibility"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibili...
It's not perfect but it's okay, and better than the alternatives.
In the US they pretended they were going to do it then never did anything to put it into practice.
When people realised this they didn't get angry at the corporations or the politicians they bought. They just decided that the thing that all the relevant experts recommended was a scam that they were too smart to fall for.
See recent YouTube video "Does recycling even do anything?" by Simon Clark for some more realistic takes on recycling.