It can be substantial. But yes, there are cable spec requirements for POE depending on the demands of the device!
NEC as of 2017 has new standards and a whole section for PoE devices above 60W now, specifically a section on safety and best practices. It DOES have cable requirements that do impact the cable standard chosen.
More info on that here: https://www.panduit.com/content/dam/panduit/en/landing-pages...
From: https://reolink.com/blog/poe-distance-limit/?srsltid=AfmBOop... --- PoE Distance Limit (802.3af)
The original 802.3af PoE standard ratified in 2003 provides up to 15.4W of power to devices. It has a maximum distance limit of 100 meters, like all PoE standards. However, because of voltage drop along Ethernet cables, the usable PoE distance for 15.4W devices is often only 50-60 meters in practice using common Cat5e cabling.
In addition, this piece of note from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet#Power_capa... ---
The ISO/IEC TR 29125 and Cenelec EN 50174-99-1 draft standards outline the cable bundle temperature rise that can be expected from the use of 4PPoE. A distinction is made between two scenarios:
bundles heating up from the inside to the outside, and bundles heating up from the outside to match the ambient temperature
The second scenario largely depends on the environment and installation, whereas the first is solely influenced by the cable construction. In a standard unshielded cable, the PoE-related temperature rise increases by a factor of 5. In a shielded cable, this value drops to between 2.5 and 3, depending on the design.
PoE+ Distance Limit (802.3at) An update to PoE in 2009 called PoE+ increased the available power to 30W per port. The formal 100-meter distance limit remains unchanged from previous standards. However, the higher power budget of 30W devices leads to increased voltage drops during transmission over long distances.
PoE++ Distance Limit (802.3bt) The latest 2018 PoE++ standard increased available power further to as much as 60W. As you can expect, with higher power outputs, usable distances for PoE++ are even lower than previous PoE versions. Real-world PoE++ distances are often only 15-25 meters for equipment needing the full 60W.