The energy required to extract, process and manufacture lithium batteries (70% of total lifecycle energy occurs before the vehicle moves) Grid transmission losses (5-8% average, up to 15% in extreme conditions) Battery charging/discharging efficiency losses The dramatic efficiency reductions in adverse conditions (33% range loss in cold weather)

For aircraft and marine applications specifically (which was my focus), the energy density problem (60x worse than jet fuel) creates cascading inefficiencies as you need more battery weight, which requires more energy to move, which requires more batteries, and so on.

Electric cars have different economics than aircraft/boats and can make more sense in certain contexts. But my analysis was specifically about why lithium propulsion for aircraft and marine vessels faces fundamental economic and physics challenges that can't be solved with current technology.

The tires on an electric vehicle wear down about 20% faster because of the load bearing of the battery weight.