MMS and email use the same protocol with minor differences under the hood.
Since the FCC abdicated their regulatory power over texting during the first Trump administration under Ajit Pai, T-Mobile, AT&T & Verizon Wireless formed a cartel called The Campaign Registry which has run amok extorting data and cash out of businesses just to be allowed to go through a slow approval process.
Nominally, this was to reduce spam texts, but the vast majority of spam texts are internal to the Mobile Network Operators these days.