Not really, defaults are stored in per-application plist files rather than in a singular database.
Here are some KB articles to check out for context:
- https://helparchive.huntertur.net/document/105563
It’s also reasonable to back up plists and/or sync them between machines like some users do with their dotfiles, because they’re just files.
Which has direct equivalent in "reg" files, to be quite honest.
[1] Other than restoring time machine backup to another system or similar cloning setups