I was also thinking about smartphones. They have barometric data, and while it might vary from phone to phone, I'm sure something like a kalman filter + historic data could do something there.
Think about gathering all the data from "stationary" phones, correlate that with weather sat data, and with real "ground truth" weather stations, and then go back 30 - 60 min / a day, and see what comes out.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22740466
https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/22/8822767/dark-sky-weather-...
For anyone else having a TIL moment: It's apparently for vertical position and supposedly sub meter accurate. o_O
The smartwatch series I use explicitly include it because it's essentially the "all in one" version in a series that had smartwatches designed for aircraft use (including military versions where they serve as backup cabin pressure warning, apparently)
But back to device could weather observation, this would require continuous GNSS, devices don't do that (network location would not be good enough).