On the other hand, viability, classes, and "staticness" are all fundamental structural concepts in Java. Hiding them for a special case is sort of like lying, and, in the long term, I can actually see this special case causing more confusion for new learners. It's sometimes better to be upfront and transparent and force your users to work with the paradigm and semantics they chose to adopt, rather than pretend it doesn't exist. If Java had been designed to allow for top-level functions from the start, it'd be a different story. I think special casing is a generally bad way to evolve a programming language.