As the sibling comment mentioned, NTFS does have a case-sensitive mode, for instance for the POSIX subsystem (which no longer exists, but it existed back when NTFS was new); I think it's also used for WSL1. And NTFS does have per-file compression, I've used it myself back in the early 2000s (as it was a good way to free a bit of space on the small disks from back then); there was even a setting you could enable on Windows Explorer which made compressed files in its listing blue-colored.

NTFS had mediocre compression support from the very start that could be enabled on a volume or directory basis, but gained modern LZ-based compression (that could be extended to whatever algorithm you wanted) in Windows 10, but it’s unfortunately a per-file process that must be done post-write.