"(as I’ve argued at length elsewhere)"

Everything he writes is "at length". This looks like an interesting read with good ideas but it is so long and has no structure that I gave up reading. It may help to give an abstract in the beginning of the article.

The problem with the treatment of time in physics is that we can only measure time intervals not the philosophical Time (with capital T). But physicists gladly conflate the two.

Mach said: Absolute time [the philosophical Time] cannot be measured by comparison with another motion, it has therefore neither a practical nor a scientific value.

Which means that all of the "t" terms standing for time in astronomical equations are for time intervals and tell us nothing about the philosophical Time.