A Fresh Look at Oil’s Long Goodbye
dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com
dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Oil-%20The%20Next%...
The appendix shows the methodology.
Oil would last a lot longer if car makers would provide the 60mpg cars they have in Europe, here in the USA too. Instead they just stop advertising with the average mpg and switch to only advertising highway mpg to make the cars seem better, while city mpg remains horrible.
They have plenty of small diesel-fueled cars that get around those numbers, but remember that diesel is less energy-dense and is more expensive in the US, making owning a diesel car a wash here in the best case.
My car does between 12 (city) and 28 (highway). Ugh.
There's also the case that the US has tougher emission standards, which makes it harder to achieve those high mileage rates. Although I've heard that recently, the UK and the rest of Europe have been tightening their emission requirements, so there isn't as much of a difference any more.
Going from 10 MPG to 20 MPH is the same leap as 20 MPG to 40 MPG -- you've just doubled mileage, and halved your fuel requirement.
There's some induced demand which will eat up the efficiency gains, though time and congestion costs tend to reduce this further.
Even if we doubled all our efficiency, the net effect would be the same as doubling our proven energy reserves. Which has ... a very negligible effect on Peak Oil. I can't dig up a reference right now, but recall a presentation or Youtube video in which the net effect of doubling US reserves would have been to move the Hubbert Peak Oil date forward by five or ten years, maximum.
I'm not saying "don't be efficient", I am saying "don't bank on that changing the game".
We're going to have to learn how to get by on vastly less energy than the typical first world resident has become accustomed to.
Can't find the recent discussion, but an even older one is here:
> I'm not saying "don't be efficient", I am saying "don't bank on that changing the game". We're going to have to learn how to get by on vastly less energy than the typical first world resident has become accustomed to.
But that's exactly what this article is about, that that thinking is erroneous. The oil supply situation in the US now vs 5 years ago is dramatically different.
That is highly unlikely to occur. More likely is that we will start looking at other energy sources while the overall energy usage goes up.
It might have been less expensive to get a new car seat ?
In the US people have bigger cars (in general). Parents seem to want to maximise the size of the seat. As a result, it's my hypothesis that small sized car seats do not sell well.
The flow-on from this is that it probably would be very difficult to purchase two car seats that would fit comfortably into a small vehicle, like a VW Polo or similar.
In addition, there are other factors that drive the choice of a larger car, including space for the various other things that babies come with, like prams. And most people prefer larger than smaller when choosing a vehicle. People in Europe choose smaller cars for a variety of reasons, including parking, fuel costs and road size.
Most car seats these days take up more room than a full sized adult in the same spot.
There is no reason a small child needs an oversized seat. Crash protection is not about the amount of fluffy foam surrounding the child.
Plenty of families could do with a smaller car if appropriately sized seats could be made available. It is physically impossible to fit 3 child seats into a medium sized car with 3 seating positions.
Those wondering why leg room is constrained by a child seat, which, presumably, needs no leg room, haven't looked at the design of a child seat. These raise the child up, and with the backward rake of the driver seat, the front of the child seat rests against the top of the backrest of the drivers seat, leaving no room for the childs legs and feet.
The problem is even worse in the case of a rear-facing baby capsule. It would be easier to load a 60 pound dog into the back seat of a car than a child capsule.
Ironically carmakers themselves have designed small and efficient child seats that integrate with their cars to maintain interior space whilst providing maximum protection to the child occupants. But because of byzantine laws in each international jurisdiction where vehicles are sold, few of these can actually be sold, meaning the cost is high if they are available at all.
It's a case of poorly thought out regulation and an obvious marketing ploy of 'bigger is better' for parents when purchasing a seat for their most precious cargo. Because when it comes to persuasive arguments 'won't someone think of the children' trumps all.
Three years ago, the guidance was to keep the infant car seat rear facing until age 1. Then it became until the child reaches 20 lbs. Now the guidance is to push to age 2 with the additional recommendations to go even longer if possible.
I believe that the proliferation of side impact rear airbags has forced the safety guidelines in this direction. Side impact rear airbags are a great safety feature for adults, but they can be fatal to small children. A car seat is the only real defense you have against them. And the manufacturers aren't taking chances with letting the airbags be disabled based on weight requirements.
Nobody likes to take chances with their kids, but we've also gone a little nuts with safety in the US, using "bigger is better" to handle every safety issue and with all sides so worried about getting sued that we've created this unsustainable escalation of safety features in cars.
This has the net effect of keeping us in larger cars for longer and preying on our emotions to keep us from switching to more practically sized vehicles. As a parent who tries to make practical and rational decisions, I find it really frustrating.
There exists academic literature suggesting that oil producing states would, if threatened with technological change which had the possibility of making oil obsolete, respond by flooding the market with cheap-as-water oil with the twin goals of a) killing or delaying the new tech (newly irrelevant because, hey, it is now 100x more expensive than existing technology per unit of energy) and b) transferring as much from their below-ground Swiss bank accounts to their above-ground Swiss bank accounts before their nations collapsed.
If you've got a friend who did policy debate back in college, ask for their files on "backstopping."
His thesis was that groups such as OPEC are ultimately self defeating. I think it was related to game theory.
Basically : OPEC members are made up of states with varying levels of oil reserves. Those with small reserves want to restrict supply to drive the price up, so they can maximise the amount they get for their reserves before they are exhausted.
Those with much larger fields (ie, Saudis) do not want to drive the price up too much, because this encourages other extraction methods (ie, Oil Sands, Deepwater Extraction) as well as encouraging uptake of alternative energy sources (ie Electric Car development, natural gas, biofuels).
As each OPEC member has differing goals and differing timeframes, eventually OPEC will become a toothless tiger that individual nations openly disobey.
I must say in the 10 years since that time, while his eventuality hasn't come about (OPEC is still together) much of it has come true. It certainly isn't the feared group it was 30 years ago.
Saudi Arabia and the US have been long-term allies, and Saudi Arabia and Iran have been rivals, so it's always been likely Saudi Arabia would sacrifice some marginal profit to hurt Iran.
Toyota's Prius C will do 55-60mpg if you're not out on the highway a lot, provided you adjust your driving habits to fit with the hybrid system behavior. Highway mileage is closer to the advertised 48 or so.
Currently, natural gas trades for ~$3 in the US vs. ~$12 in Europe. No pure arbitrage available here, because Nat Gas is extremely expensive to transport. But, as the US infrastructure develops (natural gas gas stations, more power plants running on nat gas, etc.), this discrepancy will deteriorate.
Deliberately ignoring the environmental implications, this is a great thing for the US. For once, we might actually be able to use energy for leverage vs. the rest of the global economy, not the other way around.
I would almost argue for natural gas + global warming abatement (ocean seeding, atmospheric modification) as the least bad likely path through the 21st century. At the very least, move other fossil fuels to natural gas while working on other energy sources.
[snark about incrementalism vs absolutism]
I'm not worried about advancement in renewable energy. It will slow as oil gets cheaper, but not too much. Energy companies will continue to develop it as a long-term plan since they've already spent so much time and money working on it.
The key problem is that with a lower EROI, unconventional hydrocarbon sources are going to be fundamentally more expensive. So I don't think you can see a price collapse in oil as a result. Conventional hydrocarbon production also may or may not have peaked, but the principle reason for any peak is likely to be economic in nature rather than solely dependant on what's in the ground.
Prior to the 1960's oil discovery was still growing. After the 1960's conventional oil discovery had peaked, and I see this as a major reason why the 1973 oil crisis was possible-- there was a growing awareness that oil was a finite resource that wouldn't be with us forever. After 1973, oil prices have, adjusted for inflation, never returned to their pre-1973 stability or level. This represents a shift where oil has been supply-restricted rather than demand restricted (if peak discovery is peak 1, this is peak 2). Peak 3 may be a peak in conventional oil production (light sweet crude). I think we are at peak regarding LSC production and have been for some time, and that peak is political and economic rather than reserve-based.
Not saying there aren't truths in the movie, but I've read enough on the background to know it was a movie with an agenda. The famous flammable tapwater, for example, is a naturally occuring phenomonen in many places.
Much more needs to be done on the studying of injecting the ground to see how this affects groundwater and ground stability. But fracking is not new - it's been around for a long time.
This is the point where your skeptical Spidey senses should start to tingle.