My startups perspective: I think it’s hard for people to understand the subtlety from all the memes and hearsay.
We hear that you need to talk to your users to understand what to build, but I’ve seen this fall flat on its face and lead to extreme confusion, several times now, when you’re not talking to your users as a matter of observing your product/business model against reality to then update the axiomatic thinking that (hopefully) lead you to its current iteration.
I’ve seen this play out as a cringy ask to “let us know if you think of any other features you might like” met with puckered faces from customers that essentially said “or how about not because my job isn’t to build your product?”
This is Henry Ford / Steve Jobs talking about faster horses. You’re not asking your customers what to build. You’re asking them to help you understand the reality against which your logic plays.
Then there’s the opposite, where a business marches forward because some axiomatic thinking has determined that the macro environment should support it, not updating itself against a pending catastrophe in cash flows that leads to cuts that further undermine its ability to exist even within its own framework.
Design and test from first principles, but operate for the pain of as many rounds as possible. Maybe one day you can truly optimize and it won’t hurt as much.