Android has something similar - in the power menu [1] there's a "Lockdown" button which will lock your phone, disable biometrics, and disable showing notifications until you unlock with password.

Depending on your version and flavour of Android you may need to enable this "Show Lockdown Option" in your settings.

[1] Opening this varies - my pixel is power + vol up, some phones are hold power, etc.

Just holding it down until it shows you the power off slider does the same. Easier to do in a panic.