Hotwire is the umbrella term for turbo, stimulus and strada. Turbo has client and server side components that enable easy ways to do partial page refreshes and send html templates (turbo streams) to initiate page updates from the server. That’s all without writing any js (using mostly data attributes and custom html tags, like turbo-frame). Stimulus comes in as a small framework for the cases where you want to write some JavaScript, in a way that you still control the behavior from html, by attaching controllers to elements explicitly. These two aspects are similar to htmx: - send html from the server even for partial page updates - encode desired js behavior into the html The main difference is that turbo is designed with a convention over configuration attitude, as many of it’s behaviors are automatic (like intercepting all form submissions and handling them using fetch, preventing a full page reload). When custom js is needed Hotwire defers to letting you write actual js code, htmx has this tailwind style shorthand that allows you to basically write js from the html.