No, they do not. But they do have other concepts which in turn cannot be translated into European languages. The great thing about human consciousness, culture, and language is that not everybody is working off the same epistemological map. There really are concepts which don't translate 1:1 from one language to another. That doesn't mean they can't be understood across cultures -- just that they may take many paragraphs of text to convey the meaning accurately, whereas in their original cultural context that meaning is embedded in the shared experience of how that word is used.
Think about Greek words for "Love" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_words_for_love). With a short paragraph of text you can at least the gist of their meaning (but there are definitely shades of meaning which will nevertheless be missed, barring greater immersion in its use). Suffice it to say, simply mapping those words onto "Love" will lose a huge amount of meaning.
Agreed that it's annoying to present words that aren't directly translatable as incomprehensible mysteries, which could never be understood by the non-French mind. Of course it can be understood, it just takes a bit of work to understand this. But equally, I don't think it's appropriate to go the other direction and think that there's a straightforward 1:1 mapping, when there definitely isn't.