It's explicilty restricted only to apps that don't use the new "app store" APIs in Android.
These restrictions already exist for in call audio accessibility APIs. At least one call recorder app has gone as far as making their own app store to bypass these restrictions.
It didn't mention apps installed with 'adb install'. I think you might be able to run those with no restrictions. And LineageOS, GrapheneOS, and so forth may give you the option of disabling this feature or making it more configurable.
Windows also has its legacy software that wouldn't know about new restrictions, so would need dummy access until allowed, and UI for the user to gain understanding about why their newly downloaded utility can't access their webcam and all their files yet, and how to rectify that. Windows already has something like this through controlled folder access, but I've yet to hear of someone who turns it on. Part of the biggest strength of desktops is how all the software/hardware parts combine, so I think this is high stakes in terms of not pissing people off so the feature actually gets used.
Who know what all that evil junk is doing with its execute bit and filesystem and network access. (https://xkcd.com/1200/)
And if you think the situation is bad with Teams and Dropbox and other "Western-style" software, it's way worse elsewhere in the world.
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Coming_War_on_General_Com...
macOS is a far far cry from, let’s say, Vista UAC.
The pleb running applications they want on the device they own? Madness!
Of course sandboxing options should be available, but if you wanted to run an app fully unrestricted, you should be able to.
I am still quite upset that I cannot run call recording apps on Android as they can't obtain permission to record audio during a call.
edit:
Just to add, call recording is legal in my country. Years ago it saved me from losing money when insurance company attempted to scam me. I agreed to a policy over the phone based on the promised features. When I got the documents mailed, it turned out most of what was promised was missing in the agreement. Then company said they never promised these things and wanted to charge me substantial cancellation fee. Once I told them I have recordings, they backtracked on everything and cancelled it.
The other ways I found it very useful was recording calls with my doctor so I could listen again in case I forgot or misheard something and also I used to record calls with my very ill relative to have some memories of him.
Now I cannot do that anymore.
You are, of course, talking about JavaShit right?