With something like Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), the authorization system controls access to objects by evaluating rules against the attributes of both subject (the entity requesting access) and object (the entity to be accessed).
This can adapt dynamically determine access based on situational aspects: i.e. in an emergency situation, a subject may be granted access when it would be denied under normal conditions. If you've ever been in a situation when there's a problem in production and the only person who can fix it is unavailable, or can't get access, ABAC can be programmed to allow, temporarily, a backup access path. See e.g. https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Attribute-Based-Access-Contro...