Well, I think that there is something like the ink packet for bitcoins, or there could be. I may be wrong (and please correct me if I am mistaken), but it is my understanding that every Bitcoin transaction is public (just peruse the block chain), it's just that they are transfered between possibly unknown parties. You could track where those bitcoins went (the thief's account), and where that thief subsequently spent or laundered those bitcoins. You can trace them as far as you like though they would quickly get combined with bitcoins that came from legal means and then you can only give lower and upper bounds on how many bitcoins are illegal in each wallet.

We could, as a society, decide that we will not accept bitcoins transfers from addresses that are reported to have taken any stolen bitcoins, whether directly implicated or implicated by violating the rule I just described. We could also decide that the only way to get your address back into good standing is to, for instance, transfer whatever coins that could possibly be ill-gotten into a bitcoin sink (an account that everyone agrees to never accept transfers from, basically dead bitcoins). You can even come up with more continuous proposals; not just illegal or legal, but rather you can have a 90% clean account, and it is clear how that translates to value of your bitcoins when dealing with people who won't accept illegal coins.

This is in many ways like an ink-packet. That doesn't get the other person their bitcoins back, but it removes the financial incentive to steal. Of course this is probably ripe for abuse. It would definitely be a way to screw over whoever you were sending money too, but it wouldn't be a charge reversal. You lose the money but the other party gets no spendable money.